A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is 'a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team' — all the work needed to accomplish the objectives and produce the required deliverables, broken down level by level, with each lower level defined in more detail.
It is the core artifact of scope management: only after the WBS spells out 'what things must be produced' can you talk about scheduling, estimating costs, assigning work, and managing risk. The WBS originated in US Department of Defense project practice (later standardized as MIL-STD-881) and was generalized by PMI's *Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures*.
